Muscle lipid content affects many quality features in salmonids in both raw and processed fillets. The objective of the present work was to assess the consequences of 7 generations of divergent selection for muscle adiposity on some rainbow trout flesh quality and muscle parameters. Fish from Lean (L) and Fat (F) lines had a similar body weight but L fish were longer and had consequently lower condition factor values. Carcass yield was not affected, but L fish had lower hepato- and gonado-somatic indexes, a bigger head, and lower fillet yield than F fish. A difference of more than 15 points in mean fat-meter® values (genetic selection criteria) was measured between the two lines. Mean muscle lipid content was 5.0±1.0 % for L line vs 13.5±2.2 % for F line. An absolute difference of more than 6 % was measured in fillet dry matter content between the two lines, for raw, cooked, and smoked fillets. Raw fillets from F fish were lighter (L*>) and more colorful (a* and b*>), but softer than those from the L line. Quality parameters of cooked fillets were very similar between the two lines, whereas smoked fillets exhibited, between the two lines, similar differences than raw fillets. A large difference in white muscle fiber size was observed, fish from F line having higher fiber mean diameter, fewer small fibers, and more large fibers. Sex effects were observed on these immature fish, on classically sex-related traits (GSI and head development), but also on muscle fiber size. Raw fillet color was positively correlated to muscle adiposity whereas mechanical resistance was negatively correlated. Raw fillet mechanical resistance was also negatively correlated to white muscle fiber size. Moreover, smoked fillet quality parameters were correlated to raw fillet ones. The relationships between muscle adiposity, but also muscle cellularity, and fillet quality were discussed.